Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be functionally enhanced via Fc engineering. To determine whether pairs of mAbs with different Fc modifications can be combined for functional complementarity, we investigated the in vitro activity of two HIV-1 mAb libraries, each equipped with 60 engineered Fc variants. Our findings demonstrate that the impact of Fc engineering on Fc functionality is dependent on the specific Fab clone. Notably, combinations of Fc variants of the same Fab specificity exhibited limited enhancement in functional breadth compared to combinations involving two distinct Fabs. This suggests that the strategic selection of complementary Fc modifications can enhance both functional activity and breadth. Furthermore, while some combinations of Fc variants displayed additive functional effects, others were detrimental, suggesting that the functional outcome of Fc mutations is not easily predicted. Collectively, these results provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of complementary Fc modifications in mAb combinations. Future studies will be essential to identify the optimal Fc modifications that maximize in vivo efficacy.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and activin A suppress natural killer (NK) cell function and proliferation, limiting the efficacy of adoptive NK cell therapies. Inspired by the partial resistance to TGFβ of NK cells with SMAD4 haploinsufficiency, we used CRISPR-Cas9 for knockout of SMAD4 in human NK cells. Here we show that SMAD4KO NK cells were resistant to TGFβ and activin A inhibition, retaining their cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion and interleukin-2/interleukin-15-driven proliferation. They showed enhanced tumor penetration and tumor growth control, both as monotherapy and in combination with tumor-targeted therapeutic antibodies. Notably, SMAD4KO NK cells outperformed control NK cells treated with a TGFβ inhibitor, underscoring the benefit of maintaining SMAD4-independent TGFβ signaling. SMAD4KO conferred TGFβ resistance across diverse NK cell platforms, including CD19-CAR NK cells, stem cell-derived NK cells and ADAPT-NK cells. These findings position SMAD4 knockout as a versatile and compelling strategy to enhance NK cell antitumor activity, providing a new avenue for improving NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
© 2025. The Author(s).

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling is involved in the growth of normal and cancer cells and is crucial for T cell activation. Previously, we have shown that AKT Inhibitor VIII, a selective AKT-1/2 inhibitor, during chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell manufacturing, improves CAR T cell function in preclinical models. Although AKT Inhibitor VIII could enhance CAR T cell function, AKT Inhibitor VIII is not a clinical-grade compound. However, pan-AKT inhibitors have been applied against cancers with PIK3CA/AKT/PTEN alterations in clinical trials. We evaluated ex vivo and in vivo strategies of enhancing CAR T cell therapeutic effect using the pan-AKT inhibitor capivasertib. We found that ex vivo 0.25 μM capivasertib treatment during the period of T cell stimulation during manufacture enhanced the antitumor activity of CAR T cells in B cell lymphoma mouse models. Mechanistically, capivasertib changed gene and protein expression patterns related to the functions of memory and effector CAR T cells. Furthermore, in vivo combination therapy of capivasertib and CD19-specific CAR T cells led to improved early response to and persistence of functional CAR T cells in mice bearing PTEN-deficient lymphoma cells compared to CAR T cells alone. Capivasertib exerts a similar function to AKT Inhibitor VIII in modulating CAR T cells, and combining CAR T cell therapy with capivasertib both ex vivo and in vivo offers the potential to improve patient outcomes. Since PTEN deficiency is common in cancer and is the main mechanism for capivasertib function, combination therapy may provide an alternative solution for the challenges of CAR T cell therapy.
© 2025 The Author(s).

Mucosal antigen-specific T cells are pivotal for pathogen clearance and immune modulation in respiratory infections. Dysregulated T cell responses exacerbate coronavirus disease 2019 severity, marked by cytokine storms and respiratory failure. Despite extensive description in peripheral blood, the characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cells in the lungs remain elusive. Here we conducted integrated single-cell profiling of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 122 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and 280 blood samples from 159 patients, including 27 paired BALF and blood samples from 24 patients. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were robustly elicited in BALF irrespective of prior vaccination, correlating with diminished viral loads, lessened systemic inflammation and improved respiratory function. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in BALF exhibited profound activation, along with proliferative and multi-cytokine-producing capabilities and a glycolysis-driven metabolic signature, which were distinct from those observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After viral clearance, these specific T cells maintained a polyfunctional tissue-resident memory phenotype, highlighting their critical roles in infection control and long-term protection.
© 2025. The Author(s).

Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) contribute to poor prognosis in patients with GBM. Identifying molecular markers is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Here, we identify cluster of differentiation 97 (CD97) as an optimal GSC surface antigen for potential targeting by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy through in vitro antibody screening. CD97 is consistently expressed in all validated patient-derived GSCs and positively correlated with known intracellular GSC markers. Silencing CD97 reduces GSC tumorigenicity-related activities, including self-renewal, proliferation, and tumor progression. Transcriptome analysis reveals that CD97 activates mTORC2, leading to AKT S473 phosphorylation and enhanced expression of the downstream genes ARHGAP1, BZW1, and BZW2. Inhibiting mTORC2 with JR-AB2-011 suppresses GSC tumorigenicity and downstream gene expression. We develop CD97-CAR T helper (Th) 9 cells, which exhibit potent cytotoxic effects in vitro and extend survival in mice. These findings suggest that CD97 is a promising GSC-enriched antigen and that targeting it with CAR Th9 cells offers a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM.
Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.